| 翻訳と辞書 |
| Van der Waals equation ： ウィキペディア英語版 |
Van der Waals equation
The van der Waals equation is a thermodynamic equation describing gases and liquids (fluids) under a given set of pressure (''P''), volume (''V''), and temperature (''T'') conditions (i.e., it is a thermodynamic equation of state). In particular, it theorizes that fluids are composed of particles with non-zero volumes, and subject to a pairwise inter-particle attractive force. It was derived in 1873 by Johannes Diderik van der Waals, who received the Nobel Prize in 1910 for "his work on the equation of state for gases and liquids," who did related work on the attractive force that bears his name. It is available via its traditional derivation (a mechanical equation of state), or via a derivation based in statistical thermodynamics, the latter of which provides the partition function of the system and allows thermodynamic functions to be specified. The resulting equation is a modification to and improvement of the ideal gas law, taking into account the nonzero size of atoms and molecules and the attraction between them. It successfully approximates the behavior of real fluids above their critical temperatures and is qualitatively reasonable for their liquid and low-pressure gaseous states at low temperatures. However, near the transitions between gas and liquid, in the range of ''P'', ''V'', and ''T'' where the liquid phase and the gas phase are in equilibrium, the ''van der Waals equation'' fails to accurately model observed experimental behaviour, in particular that ''P'' is a constant function of ''V'' at given temperatures. As such, the van der Waals model is useful only for teaching and qualitative purposes, but is not used for calculations intended to predict real behaviour. Empirical corrections to address these predictive deficiencies have been inserted into the van der Waals model, e.g., by James Clerk Maxwell in his equal area rule, and related but distinct theoretical models, e.g., based on the principle of corresponding states, have been developed to achieve better fits to real fluid behaviour in equations of comparable complexity.
==Overview and history==
The ''van der Waals equation'' is a thermodynamic equation of state based in the theory that fluids are composed of particles with non-zero volumes, and subject to a (not necessarily pairwise) inter-particle attractive force. It was based on work in theoretical physical chemistry performed in the late 19th century by Johannes Diderik van der Waals, who did related work on the attractive force that also bears his name. The equation is known based on a traditional set of derivations deriving from van der Waals' and related efforts, as well as a set of derivation based in statistical thermodynamics, see below.
van der Waals early, primary interests were in the field of thermodynamics, where a first influence was the published work by Rudolf Clausius on heat, in 1857; other significant influences were the writings by James Clerk Maxwell, Ludwig Boltzmann, and Willard Gibbs.〔J.D. van der Waals, 1910, "The equation of state for gases and liquids," ''Nobel Lectures in Physics,'' pp. 254-265 (December 12, 1910), see (), accessed 25 June 2015.〕 After initial pursuit of teaching credentials, Clausius' undergraduate coursework in mathematics and physics at the University of Leiden in the Netherlands led, with significant hurdles, to his acceptance for doctoral studies at Leiden under Pieter Rijke. His dissertation was guided by a desire to explain the late-career experimental observation, in 1869 by Irish professor of chemistry Thomas Andrews (Queen's University Belfast), of the existence of critical temperatures in fluids. van der Waals doctoral research culminated in an 1873 dissertation that provided a semi-quantitative theory describing the gas-liquid change of state and the origin of a critical temperature, ''Over de Continuïteit van den Gas-en Vloeistof()toestand'' (Dutch; in English, ''On the Continuity of the Gas- and Liquid-State''); it was in this dissertation that the first derivations of what we now refer to as the ''van der Waals equation'' appeared.〔J.D. van der Waals, 1873, ''Over de Continuiteit van den Gas- en Vloeistoftoestand,'' Dissertation, University of Leiden, defended June 14, 1873, see, e.g., excerpts at "From Alchemy to Chemistry: Five Hundred Years of Rare and Interesting Books," a ''University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Rare Book Room Exhibit'', see (), accessed 25 June 2015.〕 James Clerk Maxwell reviewed and lauded its published content in the British science journal ''Nature'', and van der Waals began independent work that would result in his receipt of the Nobel Prize in 1910, which emphasized the contribution of his formulation of this "equation of state for gases and liquids."〔Nobel Foundation, 2015, "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1910: Johannes Diderik van der Waals," ''(nobelprize.org )' (online), see (), accessed 25 June 2015.〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
■ウィキペディアで「Van der Waals equation」の詳細全文を読む
スポンサード リンク
| 翻訳と辞書 : 翻訳のためのインターネットリソース |
Copyright(C) kotoba.ne.jp 1997-2016. All Rights Reserved.
|
|